Cognitive dissonance

• Shultz, T. R., Katz, J. A., & Lepper, M. R. (2001). Clinging to beliefs: A constraint-satisfaction model. Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 928-933). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. - A constraint-satisfaction neural network model simulates important belief perseverance phenomena and supports the hypothesis that explanations preserve beliefs. pdf
• Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (2000). Simulation of self-affirmation phenomena in cognitive dissonance. Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 464-468). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. - The consonance constraint-satisfaction model is extended to deal with more contemporary findings concerning self-affirmation phenomena in dissonance reduction. pdf
• Lepper, M. R., & Shultz, T. R. (1999). Dissonance. MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (pp. 233-234). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. - Brief review of dissonance phenomena. pdf
• Shultz, T. R. & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Consonance network simulations of arousal phenomena in cognitive dissonance. Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 659-664). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. - The consonance constraint satisfaction model is extended to deal with emotional arousal phenomena in dissonance.
• Shultz, T. R., Léveillé, E., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Free choice and cognitive dissonance revisited: Choosing "lesser evils" vs. "greater goods." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 40-48. - As predicted by our simulations, a difficult choice between undesirable alternatives produces a large increase in evaluation of the chosen item, while a difficult choice between desirable alternatives produces a large devaluation of the rejected item. pdf
• Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Computer simulation of cognitive dissonance reduction. In E. Harmon-Jones & Mills, J. (Eds.), Cognitive dissonance: Progress on a pivotal theory in social psychology (pp. 235-265). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. - Review of our dissonance simulations, with hand-holding for non-modelers.
• Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1998). The consonance model of dissonance reduction. In S. J. Read & L. C. Miller (Eds.), Connectionist models of social reasoning and social behavior (pp. 211-244). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. - Straight-up review of our dissonance simulations.
• Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1998). A constraint-satisfaction model of Machiavellianism effects in cognitive dissonance. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 957-962). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. - The consonance constraint-satisfaction model is applied to Machiavellianism self-concept effects, covering human findings that classical dissonance theory does not.
• Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1996). Cognitive dissonance reduction as constraint satisfaction. Psychological Review, 103, 219-240. - Our constraint-satisfaction network model covers phenomena from the insufficient justification and free-choice paradigms. Better fits to human data than achieved by classical dissonance theory were noted. pdf
• Shultz, T. R., & Lepper, M. R. (1992). A constraint satisfaction model of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 462-467). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. - Preliminary conference version of Shultz & Lepper (1996).